Understanding the Vaginal Microbiome and Its Role in Health

The vaginal microbiome is a delicate ecosystem that protects women from infections. Dominated by Lactobacillus species, it maintains an acidic pH to prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria and yeast. Pharmacists who understand how antibiotics, stress, hormones, diet, and hygiene practices affect this balance can better support women’s vaginal health.

What is Vulvovaginitis? Causes Pharmacists Should Know

Vulvovaginitis refers to inflammation of the vagina and vulva, often caused by bacterial vaginosis (BV) or vaginal thrush (vulvovaginal candidiasis, VVC). Recognising the underlying cause is key for effective treatment and patient counselling.

Bacterial Vaginosis vs Vaginal Thrush: Symptoms and Risk Factors

Pharmacists can differentiate BV and vaginal thrush by understanding their unique clinical features:

•    Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Thin, greyish-white discharge, fishy odour, increased pH. Risk factors include antibiotics, sexual activity, douching, and IUDs. Untreated BV may increase risk of preterm birth or STIs.
•    Vaginal Thrush (VVC): Thick, white, cottage-cheese-like discharge, itching, discomfort on urination, normal or slightly acidic pH. Triggers include pregnancy, diabetes, immunosuppression, and antibiotics.

How Pharmacists Can Assess Vulvovaginitis Effectively

Pharmacists can use targeted history-taking and symptom assessment to differentiate causes:

• Current symptoms and severity

• Medical history, medications, and allergies

• Recent antibiotic use or hygiene changes

• Pregnancy or breastfeeding status

Red Flags and When to Refer
Identifying red flags is essential for patient safety:

• Recurrent or severe infections

• Unusual discharge, systemic symptoms, or pelvic pain

• Pregnancy, immunosuppression, or underlying medical conditions

Timely referral ensures appropriate care for complex or atypical presentations.
Evidence-Based Management Tips for Pharmacists
Pharmacists can recommend:

• Safe and effective antifungal or antibiotic therapy

• Preventive strategies, including clothing, cotton underwear, and pH-neutral hygiene products

• Education on maintaining vaginal microbiome balance and avoiding triggers

Why Pharmacists Should Enrol in This Course
This course empowers pharmacists to:

• Understand the vaginal microbiome’s role in health and disease

• Confidently differentiate BV and vaginal thrush

• Conduct thorough, respectful patient assessments

• Provide personalised, evidence-based treatment advice

• Recognise red flags and refer when needed

Learn how pharmacists can differentiate bacterial vaginosis and vaginal thrush, assess vulvovaginitis symptoms, and provide evidence-based treatment recommendations. Enhance your practice and improve patient care with our expert-led course. Enrol in “Bacterial Vaginosis or Vaginal Thrush? Vulvovaginitis Explained” today!